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Participants' performance was graded based on how many mistakes they made and how long they took to complete each task. In other cases, a route may merge with another or pass under another trunk, called underpassing.Īnother navigational hazard, called parallel running, occurs when two or more routes have a long run together. This can include something like where a route switches places with another route, also referred to as flipping. In a route-colored map, each individual line with a single terminal at each end is colored differently.Ī third kind of map uses shaded coloring, in which each trunk has a distinct color and each route within the trunk uses a distinct shade of that color.Įach route contained a navigational hazard, or specific local features of the map that are frequently misread by passengers. Researchers used New York City as a case study because it has switched between different color-coding systems and is known to have several 'navigational hazards'Ī trunk is a bundle of routes carried on the same line, which is what the NYC Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) subway map uses.
